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| -- 作者：章鱼 -- 发布时间：2024/8/20 8:39:26 -- Birding and citizen science Birdwatching is an increasing nature-related activity, with an important influence on data collection of citizen science programs. Initial involvement into a leisure activity is an important life event, but also of interest for nature conservation and citizen science projects. Here, we assessed the initiation into birding by an open-ended question. Based on an online survey, mainly in Austria, Germany and Switzerland we recruited 2668 participants, with 2464 people reporting a specific reason for their initial involvement. Data were analyzed by a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Initiation age was 22.90 years (±15.27). The reasons for initial involvement were in descending order: social influence, nature experience, bird-centered triggers, education (formal/informal), cognitive-emotional aspects (interest, curiosity), other emotions, involvement via other hobbies/jobs, life-course events, ecological aspects, bird clubs/groups and opportunity. Men were more influenced by males and women more by females. Men experienced birding initiation more by club/group and the venue of other activities (job/hobby). Women were more influenced by nature experience, bird experience, emotions, and life-course events. Social initiation became less important during decades, while ecological aspect, education, other activities, and life-course events became more important. The study has implications on program developers and nature conservation organizations. 观鸟是一项日益增长的与自然相关的活动，对公民科学项目的数据收集有着重要的影响。最初参与休闲活动是重要的生活事件，也是自然保护和公民科学项目的兴趣所在。在这里，我们通过一个开放式的问题来评估观鸟的初始阶段。 基于主要在奥地利、德国和瑞士的在线调查，我们招募了2668名参与者，其中2464人报告了他们最初参与的具体原因。数据分析采用定性和定量相结合的方法。起始年龄为22.90岁(15.27岁)。最初参与的原因按降序排列:社会影响、自然体验、以鸟类为中心的触发因素、教育(正式/非正式)、认知-情感方面(兴趣、好奇心)、其他情感、通过其他爱好/工作参与、生命过程事件、生态方面、鸟类俱乐部/团体和机会。 男性受男性影响更大，女性受女性影响更大。男性经历的观鸟启蒙更多来自俱乐部/团体和其他活动场所(工作/爱好)。女性更多地受到自然经历、鸟类经历、情感和生活事件的影响。几十年来，社会启蒙变得不那么重要，而生态方面、教育、其他活动和生命历程事件变得更加重要。 这项研究对项目开发者和自然保护组织有所启示。
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| -- 作者：章鱼 -- 发布时间：2024/8/20 8:41:10 -- Initial involvement or the initiation into a recreation or leisure activity, such as birdwatching, is an important life event, for the person himself or herself, but also from a nature conservation viewpoint. Concerning the viewpoint form nature conservation, citizen science projects have gained much attention during the last decades, especially when it comes to birding or birdwatching (Sullivan et al., 2014). Although citizen science projects are thriving, we still see a decline of species knowledge among school students and the public (Gerl et al., 2021; Randler and Heil, 2021). Concurrently to the decline of species, and species knowledge, there is also a decline of species specialists (Hopkins and Freckleton, 2002). Therefore, it is important to analyze in which ways people are recruited into a nature-related leisure activity such as birding and how the socialization occurs. These data can help to identify factors or reasons responsible for the initiation process because they, in turn, may give hints how to improve recruitment for citizen science data collection platforms, such as eBird (Sullivan et al., 2014). Further, concerning the decline of biodiversity, it would be helpful to know which venues can be used to increase biodiversity knowledge by drawing attention to a possible target audience. From the more general picture of leisure research, initiation into birding may represent an example of a nature-related activity, and the results from this study might be transferable to other animal-related or nature-related activities. In addition to the general contribution with respect to a nature-related activity, birding is often related to data collection for citizen science projects (Sullivan et al., 2014). As initiation into birding usually happens before engagement within a citizen science activity takes place (Randler, 2021a, 2021b), it is an important prerequisite to study the basal initiation into this recreational activity. Therefore, birding can be an example for both, the initiation into a citizen science related leisure activity and the general picture of initiation into a nature-based activity. 最初参与或开始一项娱乐或休闲活动，如观鸟，对他或她自己来说是一件重要的生活事件，但从自然保护的观点来看也是如此。从自然保护的角度来看，公民科学项目在过去几十年中获得了很多关注，尤其是在观鸟方面(Sullivan et al .，2014)。虽然公民科学项目正在蓬勃发展，但我们仍然看到学校学生和公众的物种知识在下降(Gerl等人，2021；兰德勒和海尔，2021年)。在物种和物种知识减少的同时，物种专家也在减少(Hopkins and Freckleton，2002)。 因此，重要的是要分析人们是如何被招募到与自然相关的休闲活动中的，例如观鸟，以及社会化是如何发生的。这些数据可以帮助确定启动过程的因素或原因，因为它们反过来可以提示如何改善公民科学数据收集平台的招募，如eBird (Sullivan等人，2014年)。 此外，关于生物多样性的下降，了解哪些场所可以通过吸引可能的目标受众的注意力来增加生物多样性知识将是有益的。从休闲研究的更一般的情况来看，开始观鸟可能代表了一种与自然相关的活动，这项研究的结果可能可以转移到其他与动物或自然相关的活动中。除了对自然相关活动的一般贡献之外，观鸟还经常与公民科学项目的数据收集有关(Sullivan等人，2014)。由于观鸟入门通常发生在参与公民科学活动之前(Randler，2021a，2021b)，研究这种娱乐活动的基础入门是一个重要的前提。 因此，观鸟可以作为两者的一个例子，一个是与公民科学相关的休闲活动的开端，另一个是以自然为基础的活动的开端。
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| -- 作者：章鱼 -- 发布时间：2024/8/20 8:42:46 -- Birding and environmental issues Apart from CS projects, birding may have an influence on the environment and the willingness to donate for nature projects. An analysis of the potential benefits and problems associated with birdwatching and ecotourism showed that birding improves the financial and environmental well-being of local communities and has a positive impact on biodiversity via the local community that starts to value bird diversity (Kutzner, 2019; Sekercioglu, 2002). Therefore, avitourism in a sustainable and responsible manner can be seen as a venue for conservation. Further, Cooper et al. (2015) showed that rural New York wildlife recreationists were four to five times more likely to engage in conservation behavior (donating, engaging in local conservation measures, etc.) than other recreationists. In addition, even within the group of birdwatchers in Alberta/Canada, heterogeneity existed with higher engaged and skilled birders donating a higher amount of money (McFarlane and Boxall, 1996). In Portugal, birdwatcher segments were identified who were willing to pay above average for conservation. These groups were named as “environmental stewards” and “birdwatching fans.” However, these authors reported that the score obtained in an environmental questionnaire was not significantly related to their willingness to pay (Pintassilgo et al., 2021). Cheung et al. (2017), studying Chinese birdwatchers in Hong Kong, in contrast, reported a direct positive association between the birdwatchers’ specialization and pro-environmental attitudes, suggesting that a higher knowledge about birds is positively related to environmental attitudes. Turning to birder behavior in the field, Australian birdwatchers reported to mitigate their influence on birds and to avoid disturbances (Weston et al., 2015). Thus, there is evidence that birding is related to environmental issues, e.g., responsible tourism, responsible behavior in the field, and higher developed environmental attitudes. 观鸟和环境问题
除了CS项目之外，观鸟还可能对环境和为自然项目捐款的意愿产生影响。对观鸟和生态旅游相关的潜在利益和问题的分析表明，观鸟改善了当地社区的财务和环境福祉，并通过开始重视鸟类多样性的当地社区对生物多样性产生了积极影响(Kutzner，2019；Sekercioglu，2002年)。 因此，以可持续和负责任的方式发展航空旅游可以被视为一种保护手段。此外，Cooper等人(2015)表明，纽约农村野生动物游憩者参与保护行为(捐赠、参与当地保护措施等)的可能性是其他人的四到五倍。)比其他娱乐者。 此外，即使在加拿大阿尔伯塔省的观鸟者群体中，也存在异质性，高参与度和高技能的观鸟者会捐出更多的钱(麦克法拉尼和鲍克夏尔，1996)。在葡萄牙，观鸟者群体愿意为保护付出高于平均水平的费用。这些团体被命名为“环境管家”和“观鸟爱好者”然而，这些作者报告说，在环境调查问卷中获得的分数与他们的支付意愿没有显著关系(平塔西尔戈等人，2021)。 相比之下，Cheung等人(2017)对香港的中国观鸟者进行了研究，报告称观鸟者的专业化与环保态度之间存在直接的正相关关系，这表明对鸟类的更多了解与环保态度正相关。谈到观鸟者在野外的行为，澳大利亚观鸟者报告说，他们会减轻对鸟类的影响，并避免干扰(Weston等人，2015年)。因此，有证据表明观鸟与环境问题有关，例如，负责任的旅游、野外负责任的行为和更高层次的环境态度。
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| -- 作者：章鱼 -- 发布时间：2024/8/20 8:44:19 -- Children and wildlifeAs most initiation processes happen during childhood and early adolescence, a closer look at the relationship between children and wildlife is necessary. Animals rank high in the view of Norwegian children and adolescents and animal-related activities like bird feeding, or watching hare, fox, and moose are common (Bjerke et al., 2001). Also, in secondary school teaching living animals during lessons are highly appreciated in Germany (Hummel and Randler, 2012). From a developmental viewpoint, German children are interested in animals, and their knowledge and interest increase from primary school (grade 1–4) to about grade 7, and afterwards knowledge decreases again (Randler, 2008; Randler and Wieland, 2010). This suggests that the age group of 9–12 years maybe an ideal time frame to catch interest into birds. Some intervention studies have been carried out to address this aspect: During a ten-week program, developed for feeder watching in the United States, in the group of seven- to nine-year old children, a gain in bird knowledge was found (Beck et al., 2001), and the increased knowledge was positively associated with parental education (Beck et al., 2001). Similarly, environmental attitudes and attitudes towards living organism could be improved by a 11-day teaching program in nature in 7th graders in Turkey (Genc et al., 2018). White et al. (2018) increased awareness for biodiversity and an increase in bird identification knowledge and attitudes by a special program exposing 7–10-year old UK children to their urban wildlife surroundings. Thus, programs to increase biodiversity awareness and knowledge usually start at this age. The study presented here is used to assess the initiation age and the initiation reasons to, in combination with the above-mentioned studies, draw conclusions on the ideal time frame and venue to start birding initiation. 儿童和野生动物 由于大多数成长过程发生在童年和青春期早期，因此有必要更仔细地观察儿童和野生动物之间的关系。动物在挪威儿童和青少年的心目中地位很高，与动物相关的活动，如喂鸟、观察野兔、狐狸和驼鹿都很常见(Bjerke等人，2001年)。 此外，在德国，中学课堂上教授活体动物受到高度赞赏(胡梅尔和兰德勒，2012)。从发展的角度来看，德国儿童对动物感兴趣，他们的知识和兴趣从小学(1-4年级)增加到大约7年级，之后知识再次减少(Randler，2008；兰德勒和维兰德，2010年)。 这表明9-12岁的年龄组可能是引起对鸟类兴趣的理想时间范围。已经进行了一些干预研究来解决这方面的问题:在美国为饲养者观察开发的为期10周的计划中，在7-9岁的儿童组中发现了鸟类知识的增加(Beck等人，2001)，并且增加的知识与父母的教育正相关(Beck等人，2001)。 同样，在《自然》杂志上对土耳其七年级学生进行为期11天的教学计划，可以改善环境态度和对生命体的态度(根茨等人，2018)。White等人(2018年)通过一个让7-10岁的英国儿童接触城市野生动物环境的特别项目，提高了对生物多样性的认识，增加了鸟类识别知识和态度。因此，增加生物多样性意识和知识的项目通常从这个年龄开始。这里介绍的研究用于评估开始年龄和开始原因，结合上述研究，得出开始观鸟开始的理想时间范围和地点的结论。 |
| -- 作者：章鱼 -- 发布时间：2024/8/20 8:45:24 -- Initiation into leisureExploration of how the leisure socialization process can be investigated requires answers to basic questions of when and with whom leisure is learned (Kelly, 1974). Studies concerning these questions revealed that activities started both, already during childhood, as well as in adult years (Kelly, 1974). Therefore, leisure socialization is a life-long process, but family influence was found in 63% of the studied persons (Kelly, 1974, 1979). However, this may be dependent on the type of leisure activity. Further, life-course events have been often seen as having a negative influence on recreation specialization, i.e., highly skilled and qualified people reduced their activities because of life-course events, such as familial obligations (Kuentzel and Heberlein, 2008). In their research, Kuentzel and Heberlein (2008) defined different milestones of the family, including marriage, divorce, childbearing, and the empty nest. In a similar way, job-related changes were significant events, such as the first contract, a higher salary or retirement. Personality psychologist often invoke that a specific job or being recruited into the work force was a more important life-course event than familial events (Bleidorn et al., 2013). Thus, life-course events in general may have an influence in leisure and birding initiation. Turning to social factors, or the more “infiltrative” process of socialization, support by family and peers may help a person to develop his or her birdwatching skills, because these persons may act as role model or mentor. In a parent-child study, parents regarded themselves as main transmitters of species knowledge to their 5–11 year old children (Remmele and Lindemann-Mathies, 2018), and a correlation between parents and children existed in knowledge scores about animals and plants (Remmele and Lindemann-Mathies, 2018). Comparable to other life-course changes, a trigger event (or epiphany) might be the releasing moment or factor to engage a person in birding, comparable to other trigger events, like becoming a vegetarian (Ploll et al., 2020). Thus, there might be a specific moment or experience that turns a person into a birder. Alternatively, as interest in birding can be a slow infiltration process or by socialization, it might occur also without a specific trigger event, e.g., by persistent influence of parents. 闲 如何调查休闲社会化过程的探索需要回答休闲是何时和与谁学习的基本问题(Kelly，1974)。关于这些问题的研究表明，活动不仅在儿童时期就开始了，而且在成年时期也开始了(Kelly，1974)。因此，休闲社会化是一个终生的过程，但在63%的被调查者中发现了家庭的影响(Kelly，1974，1979)。然而，这可能取决于休闲活动的类型。此外，生活事件往往被视为对娱乐专业化有负面影响，即高技能和高素质的人因为家庭义务等生活事件而减少了他们的活动(Kuentzel和Heberlein，2008年)。 在他们的研究中，Kuentzel和Heberlein (2008)定义了家庭的不同里程碑，包括结婚、离婚、生育和空巢。同样，与工作相关的变化也是重大事件，比如第一份合同、更高的薪水或退休。人格心理学家通常认为，特定的工作或被招聘到劳动力队伍中是比家庭事件更重要的人生事件(Bleidorn et al .，2013)。因此，一般来说，生命历程事件可能会对休闲和观鸟启蒙产生影响。 谈到社会因素，或更“渗透”的社会化过程，来自家庭和同龄人的支持可以帮助一个人发展他或她的观鸟技能，因为这些人可以作为榜样或导师。在一项亲子研究中，父母认为自己是5-11岁儿童物种知识的主要传递者(Remmele和Lindemann-Mathies，2018年)，父母和儿童之间的相关性存在于关于动物和植物的知识得分中(Remmele和Lindemann-Mathies，2018年)。与其他生命历程变化类似，触发事件(或顿悟)可能是促使一个人参与观鸟的释放时刻或因素，与其他触发事件类似，如成为素食者(Ploll等人，2020)。 因此，可能会有一个特定的时刻或经历把一个人变成一个观鸟者。或者，由于对观鸟的兴趣可能是一个缓慢的渗透过程或通过社会化，它也可能在没有特定触发事件的情况下发生，例如，通过父母的持续影响。 |
| -- 作者：章鱼 -- 发布时间：2024/8/20 8:46:31 -- Birding initiationFew studies examined initiation to birding (Canada: McFarlane 1996; USA: Moore et al., 2008). Most birders (60%) started birding during their adult years (McFarlane, 1996). However, birders having started in childhood more often progressed into specialized birders (McFarlane, 1996), emphasizing the importance of early childhood initiation. McFarlane (1996) further classified factors into three groups: one was related to the family, another was concerned with knowledge/opportunity, and the third was labeled “leisure social world”, including activities like field trips, companionship with others or taking bird-related courses. Initial involvement in birding was also studied by Moore et al. (2008), in this case, with a focus on gender differences. These authors compared means between men and women. These pioneering studies from McFarlane (1996) and Moore et al. (2008), however, used items with a Likert-type response format. Jones et al. (2017), also studying US Americans, used a qualitative approach (interviews) and reported that life-long science interest started during childhood and was influenced by events, resources, and family members. Compared to the quantitative, scale-based approaches of McFarlane (1996) and Moore et al. (2008), Jones et al. (2017) relied on a lower sample size. 观鸟初始 很少有研究调查观鸟的开始(加拿大:麦克法拉尼1996；美国:摩尔等人，2008年)。大多数观鸟者(60%)在成年后开始观鸟(麦克法拉尼，1996)。然而，从童年开始的观鸟者更容易发展成专业的观鸟者(麦克法拉尼，1996)，强调了儿童早期启蒙的重要性。麦克法拉尼(1996)进一步将因素分为三组:一组与家庭有关，另一组与知识/机会有关，第三组被称为“休闲社交世界”，包括实地考察、与他人交往或参加鸟类相关课程等活动。Moore等人(2008)也研究了最初参与观鸟的情况，在这种情况下，重点是性别差异。这些作者比较了男性和女性的平均收入。 然而，麦克法拉尼(1996年)和摩尔等人(2008年)的这些开创性研究使用了李克特式反应格式的项目。 Jones等人(2017年)也研究了美国人，他们使用了定性方法(采访)，并报告说，终身科学兴趣始于童年，并受到事件、资源和家庭成员的影响。与麦克法拉尼(1996年)和摩尔等人(2008年)基于规模的定量方法相比，琼斯等人(2017年)依赖于较低的样本量。 |
| -- 作者：章鱼 -- 发布时间：2024/8/20 8:47:10 -- The current studyThis current study differs in some places from previous work. First, we followed a mixed-methods approach to portray birding initiation and to group these trigger events into different groups or categories. By using a bottom-up open-ended question, we received more diverse answers in comparison with a given number of questionnaire items that leave no space for personal expressions (comparable to the qualitative approach by Jones et al., 2017). By using qualitative content analysis, the participants can freely choose their own answers to the question. This turns out a much broader spectrum of possible initiation processes. Moreover, when looking at social aspects of the initiation process, we assess which gender influenced a given person, and finally, the reasons for initiation might differ between decades. This can be assessed because of the high sample size, that is much higher than any previous study in birding initiation. Our study addresses the following questions:
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