How to identify birds 如何分类辨析 - 无痕环境参考 - 无痕中国论坛

1. Range and Season

REGION

An important aspect of bird identification is narrowing the field of species in a given region. Some birds are present all year, often referred to as resident species. Many are present only in the summer half of the year, while others winter here by the ocean or at feeders. Still, others pass through in spring and fall, breeding in Canada and wintering to our south.

RANGE MAPS

Range Maps are especially helpful to learn what birds are regular here and which months they are present. Field Guides come equipped with a range map for each species, usually located in the back of the book. Birding Apps also can list what species are likely in your area.

HABITAT

In what environment you see a bird, not just the area, is telling. Some birds can be found only in select habitats like marshes or seashores. Other birds are only found in forests, grasslands, on mountains. While birds move around, they tend to spend most of their time in a particular kind of habitat.

2. Size, Shape, and Body Parts

At some point in your birdwatching journey you will identify most birds in a split second and at ever greater distances. Until then, you need to size up your mystery bird. For starters let’s divide birds into just four sizes.

Small: 4, 5, or 6 inches as in House Sparrow

Medium: 8, 9 or 10 inches as in American Robin

Large: 12-15 inches as in American Crow

Very Large: 18 inches or more as in Canada Goose

If you were to spot a Baltimore Oriole, you might say it was larger than a sparrow and smaller than a robin.

BIRD BODY PARTS

Get to know the names of the bird anatomy

Legs - Most songbirds get by with short inconspicuous legs for grasping a branch or scratching the ground. Swifts, hummingbirds, kingfishers and woodpeckers also have rather short legs. As you discover waterbirds and shorebirds you will often take note of the relative length and colors of the legs and feet.

Wings and Tails - Wings fold into the sides of a bird’s body when perched, resting or foraging on the ground. What about tails? There is a long and short of it as expected. We have Long-tailed Ducks, Wild Turkeys and even Barn Swallows that have long tails. Many songbirds have what could be called short tails.

Beaks - For songbirds, it is very important to focus on the beak or "bill". Is it a thin bill for snatching insects (warblers, vireos, thrushes, flycatchers, and wrens), a conical bill (tanager), or a stubby thick bill for seed-cracking (sparrows, juncos, and finches)?

1.范围和季节

区域

鸟类识别的一个重要方面是缩小特定地区的物种范围。一些鸟类全年都有，通常被称为常驻物种。许多只在一年中的夏季出现，而另一些则在海边或觅食地过冬。尽管如此，其他物种在春季和秋季通过，在加拿大繁殖并在我们的南方越冬。

范围地图

距离地图对于了解这里的鸟类有什么规律以及它们出现的月份特别有帮助。野外指南配备了每种物种的范围图，通常位于书的背面。鸟类应用程序还可以列出你所在地区可能存在的物种。

栖息地

你在什么样的环境中看到一只鸟，而不仅仅是这个区域，这是很重要的。一些鸟类只能在沼泽地或海滨等特定栖息地找到。其他鸟类只在森林、草原和山上发现。当鸟类四处活动时，它们倾向于将大部分时间花在特定的栖息地。

2.尺寸、形状和身体部位

在观鸟旅程中的某个时刻，你会在瞬间和更远的距离内识别出大多数鸟类。在那之前，你需要评估一下你的神秘鸟。首先，让我们把鸟分成四种大小。

小：4、5或6英寸，如House Sparrow

中等：8、9或10英寸，如美国罗宾

大号：12-15英寸，如美国乌鸦

超大：18英寸或更大，如加拿大鹅

如果你看到巴尔的摩黄鹂，你可能会说它比麻雀大，比知更鸟小。

鸟的身体部位

了解鸟类解剖结构的名称

腿——大多数鸣禽用不显眼的短腿来抓树枝或抓地。雨燕、蜂鸟、翠鸟和啄木鸟的腿也相当短。当你发现水鸟和滨鸟时，你会经常注意到腿和脚的相对长度和颜色。

翅膀和尾巴——当鸟栖息、休息或在地上觅食时，翅膀会折叠到鸟的身体两侧。尾巴呢？正如预期的那样，它有长有短。我们有长尾鸭子，野生火鸡，甚至还有长尾巴的谷仓燕子。许多鸣禽都有所谓的短尾巴。

喙-对于鸣禽来说，关注喙或“喙”是非常重要的。它是用来捕捉昆虫的薄喙（莺、绿鸟、画眉鸟、捕蝇鸟和鹪鹩）、锥形喙（tanager），还是用来开裂种子的粗粗喙（麻雀、朱雀和雀科）？

3. Color Patterns and Markings

Once you have determined the size of a bird and placed it into one or more similar families it is time to take notice of what colors patterns and markings it has. These are known as field marks. There are some birds that are unicolored with just one plumage color (bills and legs may be different). A Mute Swan is entirely white while a female cowbird is entirely dull gray.

A majority of birds have patches of some color and many have stripes, spots, wing bars, eye lines and/or contrasting patterns on its wings and tail. These help birds recognize each other and help birders recognize them as well.

You may see a bird that flashes black and red. It could be a Red-winged Blackbird, Scarlet Tanager, or even a Northern Cardinal. Noting where on the bird those colors are should narrow your identification to just one of those.

4. Behavior

FORAGING

Behavior can also be a clue to identification. Birds search for their preferred food items, avoid danger, squabble with others and carry on courtship and territory defense during their time here.

Foraging behavior can help pinpoint a species or place your bird(s) into a suite of a family. Woodpeckers and creepers hitch up tree trunks, while nuthatches usually work their way down tree trunks headfirst, as do Black-and-white Warblers. Flycatchers sit still and sally out after flying insects. Warblers glean along leafy branches rather quickly while similar-looking vireos feed more leisurely. Wrens dive into underbrush and are often seen with their tails cocked up over their back.

FLIGHT

Eagles soar on flat horizontal wings, while Turkey Vultures soar with both wings held up at about a 15 degree angle. Crows flap steadily while the similar Common Raven glides between several flaps. Woodpeckers fly in roller coaster fashion with a few flaps and then a glide. Most other birds fly in a straight line.

In raptors, such as the Red-tailed Hawk, perch conspicuously and soar on broad rounded wings with incredible eye sight spotting mice far below. Accipiters, such as the Cooper’s Hawk, rarely soar but are seen flying through the trees with shorter rounded wings usually chasing medium-sized birds such as Mourning Doves and Blue Jays. Falcons have very pointed wings and fly fast in open country not woodlands.

3.颜色图案和标记

一旦你确定了一只鸟的大小，并将其分为一个或多个相似的家族，你就应该注意它的颜色、图案和标记了。这些被称为场标记。有些鸟是单色的，只有一种羽毛颜色（喙和腿可能不同）。沉默的天鹅是完全白色的，而雌性的牛鸟是完全暗灰色的。

大多数鸟类都有一些颜色的斑块，许多鸟类的翅膀和尾巴上有条纹、斑点、翼条、眼线和/或对比图案。这些帮助鸟类相互识别，也帮助观鸟者识别它们。

你可能会看到一只闪烁着黑色和红色的鸟，它可能是一只红翅黑鸟、绯红的塔纳格，甚至是一只北方红衣主教。注意这些颜色在鸟身上的位置，应该将你的识别范围缩小到其中的一种。

4.行为

觅食

行为也可以作为识别的线索。鸟类在这里寻找自己喜欢的食物，避免危险，与他人争吵，并进行求爱和领土保护。

觅食行为可以帮助确定一个物种，或者将你的鸟放在一个家族的一个套间里。啄木鸟和爬山虎会把树干挂起来，而坚果孵化器通常会先从树干上爬下来，黑白莺也是如此。捕蝇者坐着不动，追着飞虫。莺很快就沿着绿叶树枝拾穗，而长相相似的绿萝则更悠闲地觅食。鹪鹩俯冲到灌木丛中，人们经常看到它们的尾巴翘在背上。

飞行

老鹰用水平的翅膀飞翔，而土耳其秃鹫则用大约15度角的翅膀飞翔。乌鸦稳定地拍打着翅膀，而类似的普通乌鸦在几个翅膀之间滑行。啄木鸟以过山车的方式飞行，只需几下襟翼，然后滑翔。大多数其他鸟类都是直线飞行。

在猛禽中，如红尾鹰，栖息在显眼的地方，在宽阔的圆翅膀上翱翔，下面有令人难以置信的眼睛，可以看到老鼠。像库伯鹰这样的鹰很少翱翔，但可以看到它们用较短的圆翅膀飞过树林，通常追逐中型鸟类，如哀鸽和蓝鸟。猎鹰有着非常尖的翅膀，在开阔的田野而不是林地里快速飞行。

5. Vocalizations: Calls and Songs

There are two basic kinds of sounds made by birds.

Calls are given all year by most birds. They basically say I’m over here, everything is OK. They may indicate a newly discovered food source or warn colleagues of approaching possible danger. There are specific calls that some birds like Red-winged Blackbirds and Greater Yellowlegs use to warn all birds within earshot that some hawk is coming at them. Specialized flight calls are given at night during migration which aid small groups of the same species keep together.

Songs are mostly given while defending a breeding territory from other males of the same species. Most female songbirds do not have a true song. Songs are also heard during northbound Spring migration and practice songs are sometimes given on southbound Fall migration. Some bird songs are very musical and heart-warming, while others are basically chatter or unremarkable.

Knowing Word Phrases for Bird Sounds

There will be many times while birdwatching when you may not have a view of a bird, but you can hear their call or song clearly. To help learn these sounds, it is often easier to remember catchy word phrases. These words are referred to as mnemonics. Here are few of the most common birds for you to help you memorize them for easier identification.

Barred Owl - "Who cooks for you, who cooks for you awl"

Great Crested Flycatcher - "Wheep Wheep Wheeper"

Blue Jay - "Jay, jay, jay"

Black-capped Chickadee - "Feebee"

Tufted Titmouse - "Peter, peter, peter"

Carolina Wren - "Ket-tle tea ket-tle tea ket-tle-tea"

Gray Catbird - "Meeooow"

Common Yellowthroat - "Witchedy Wichedy Witchedy"

Ovenbird - "Teacher Teacher Teacher"

Northern Cardinal - "pretty pretty pretty pretty pretty"

Eastern Towhee - "Drink your tea"

White-throated Sparrow - "Oh sweet Canada Canada Canada"

American Goldfinch - "Chicory Chickory"

5.声乐：通话和歌曲

鸟类发出的声音有两种基本类型。

大多数鸟类全年都会发出叫声。他们基本上说我在这里，一切都很好。他们可能会指出新发现的食物来源，或者警告同事可能会遇到危险。有些鸟类，如红翅黑鸟和大黄鹂，会发出特定的叫声，警告所有在耳内的鸟类，有鹰向它们扑来。在迁徙过程中，夜间会发出专门的飞行呼叫，帮助同一物种的小群体保持在一起。

歌声大多是在保护繁殖领地不受其他同类雄性干扰的情况下发出的。大多数雌性鸣禽没有真正的歌声。春季北行迁徙时也会听到歌曲，秋季南行迁徙时有时会听到练习歌曲。有些鸟的歌声很有音乐性，让人心旷神怡，而另一些鸟的歌声基本上是叽叽喳喳的或不起眼的。

了解鸟叫声的词组

在观鸟的过程中，你可能会有很多时候看不到鸟，但你可以清楚地听到鸟的叫声或歌声。为了帮助学习这些发音，通常更容易记住朗朗上口的单词短语。这些词被称为助记符。这里有几种最常见的鸟类，可以帮助你记住它们，以便识别。

秃鹫-“谁给你做饭，谁给你煮锥子”

大凤头鹟-“Wheep Wheep Wheeper”

蓝色周杰伦-“周杰伦，周杰伦，周杰伦”

黑顶鸡-“Feebee”

簇毛鼠-“彼得，彼得，彼得”

Carolina Wren-“凯特尔茶凯特尔茶”

灰猫鸟-“Meeooow”

普通黄喉-“女巫Wichedy Wichedy”

奥文伯德-“老师-老师-老师”

北方红衣主教-“漂亮漂亮”

Eastern Towhee-“喝茶”

白喉麻雀-“哦，加拿大加拿大加拿大”

美国金翅雀-“菊苣鸡”

https://www.sparkbirding.com/learn-to-identify-birds

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